Transportation

The industrial era helped to bring about modernization of transportation in urban areas. Many factors contributed to the rise of the modern city, including economics, politics, and technology. The ancient cities of Europe were very small in size and had a relatively small population. With the emergence of transportation technology, the sizes of cities and population grew. Also, the rise of the modern city and the rise of transportation technology had a great effect on the people and development of the city. As transportation technology emerged, the boundaries of the city were able to expand by people now having the opportunity to live away from their work. The introduction of the horse and buggy allowed mobility from the city, to the outskirts of the city, and within the city itself. It allowed the radius of the city to grow because the people no longer have to walk everywhere and so with easier accessibility to the city, businesses, and a central area of commerce was created and began to separate residential and businesses. Technology itself has created cities and urbanized areas. During the era of the railroads, many gateway cities were created along the route of the railroad as transfer points of goods.

Transportation1

The invention of the wheel, transportation has improved in many areas. Safety, comfort, and travel speed are a few of these areas in which transportation has improved. There is a big difference in the safety, comfort and travel speed of transportation in the 1800's compared to the 1900's. Safety in the 1800's needed great improvement. While traveling on the rough dirt roads, it was not uncommon for a wooden wheel to break off of a horse drawn buggy and cause serious injury. Travelers in the 1800's also had to worry about their horses being spooked. If a horse was startled, the buggy could be upset and the travelers could be injured. The safety in the 1900's has greatly improved since the 1800's. The worry of a wheel breaking off of a vehicle today is not thought of, and almost every roadway throughout the country is paved. Vehicles today are structured of steel, which is very durable. Because the vehicle is operated by it’s passenger, it is unlikely to do something unexpected. This may only occur if the operator acts irresponsibly. The comfort of transportation in the 1800's was very poor. Because of its rigid construction, the ride in a buggy was extremely uncomfortable. The horse-drawn buggy had very little suspension, if any. Traveling on a hot summer's day was unpleasant. In most cases, there was little protection from the sun's rays. Passengers were overwhelmed by the heat, and had to fight off the unwanted insects. Winters were just the opposite of summers. The horse and buggy provided little protection from the cold. If the weather was too severe, traveling by horse and buggy became impossible. The comfort of a vehicle in the 1900's shows great improvement since the 1800's.

Transportation

The movement of people and goods from one place to another place is known as transportation. Transportation movements, combined into various system and networks, are by way of Land =Automobile, Railroad Water= Ship. Air= Airplane. In the late 18th century gravel roads were introduced to the United States. The roads that were first built had a toll on them, and were called turnpikes. One of the first toll roads was the Lancaster turnpike in Pennsylvania. Plank roads and corduroy roads, were made of lumber or logs laid side by side to overcome mud and dust, they were made in the 1830s, and 1840s. They continue with further development of road construction oil, pavement and cement. The use of steam power to drive vehicles was applied as early as 1769. The first steam powered vehicles were intended for use on common roads. It was in water transportation, that the early use of steam power was the most successful and enduring. By the 1820s, steamboats were on the Great Lakes and the rivers of the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. Along with the development of canals, their use greatly reduced shipping costs. By the 1840s, vessels were crossing Atlantic entirely by steam power. The growth of railroads grew very quickly. Railroads were used in Europe as early as the mid-1500s. Men or animals would push wagons loaded with material along wooden tracks. Later iron tracks were used and the introduction of steam power. In the United States the Baltimore and Ohio railroad began operation in the 1830s. Just as the early roads were used as inland access to ports the railroads were used the same. The spread of railroads grew rapidly in the eastern and southern United States. Railroads became the most popular use of overland transportation. Sleeping cars and dining cars increased the comfort of the passengers. In 1832 the horse-drawn tramcar on rails was adopted in New York City and in the following decades became widely accepted as an inexpensive transportation. By the mid-1850s, railroads linked the Atlantic Ocean to the Midwest. In 1869 the first transcontinental rail was completed to the Pacific coast. Beginning in 1863, steam powered underground railways were beginning operation. In 1880s electric power was introduced to land transportation. When electric street railways were introduced they began to take over land transportation. By 1900 they had replaced horse cars and cable cars as the main form of urban transportation. Electric power spread early in the 20th century to inter city railroad lines but later the diesel-electric locomotive became dominant in the railroad train as the main passenger carrier in the United States. Some of the first successful gasoline automobiles were developed in Germany by Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler in the 1880s and In the United States by Charles E. and J. Frank Duryea in 1893. Although steam and electricity powered some early automobiles, the internal-combustion gasoline engine soon became the favored form of automotive power. The early countryside roads were rarely paved. By the 1890s, however, some roads near the cities were being paved for the increasing population of bicycle riding. As the automobile came into common use in the 1900s,